Battery Storage Participation in Reactive and Proactive Distribution-Level Flexibility Markets

Modern power systems are experiencing a paradigm shift toward distributed energy resources (DERs) and an accelerated penetration of the renewable sources (RES). Intermittent RES pose serious challenges to system operators in terms increased flexibility requirements. Besides technical flexibility, achieved through, e.g. storage devices, market is also important as it enables rewarding providers at appropriate time-scale. Distribution-level (DLFM) considered one viable solutions successfully integrate high shares promote active role electricity consumers. This paper defines analyzes two DLFM setups where source, i.e. battery storage, can bid addition existing markets (day-ahead, intraday balancing). The main difference between observed their clearing time. One clears before day-ahead market, while other markets. Uncertainty addressed using robust optimization, stochastic optimization deals with DLFMs market. results four-stage model, which reduced three-stage model because balancing follows directly form previous position realizations. In presented case study, we analyze how different sequences affect both player providing operator procuring it.